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Primitive communism is a concept originating from Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels who argued that hunter-gatherer societies were traditionally based on egalitarian social relations and common ownership. A primary inspiration for both Marx and Engels were Lewis Henry Morgan's descriptions of 'communism in living' as practised by the Iroquois Indians of North America.〔Morgan, L. H. 1881. ''Houses and House-Life of the American Aborigines.'' Chicago and London: University of Chicago Press.〕 In Marx's model of socioeconomic structures, societies with primitive communism had no hierarchical social class structures or capital accumulation. Engels offered the first detailed theorization of primitive communism in 1884, with publication of ''The Origin of the Family''. Marx and Engels used the term more broadly than later Marxists, and applied it not only to hunter-gatherers but also to some subsistence agriculture communities. There is also no agreement among later scholars, including Marxists, on the historical extent, or longevity, of primitive communism. Marx and Engels also noted how capitalist accumulation latched itself onto social organizations of ''primitive communism''. For instance, in private correspondence the same year that ''The Origin of the Family'' was published, Engels attacked European colonialism, describing the Dutch regime in Java directly organizing agricultural production and profiting from it, "on the basis of the old communistic village communities".〔Engels, cited by T. B. Bottomore, ''A Dictionary of Marxist Thought'', Oxford, Wiley-Blackwell, 1991, p174.〕 He added that cases like the Dutch East Indies, British India and the Russian Empire showed "how today primitive communism furnishes ... the finest and broadest basis of exploitation". ==Nature of primitive communist societies== In a primitive communist society, all able bodied persons would have engaged in obtaining food, and everyone would share in what was produced by hunting and gathering. There would be no private property, which is distinguished from personal property 〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Eight myths about socialism—and their answers )〕 such as articles of clothing and similar personal items, because primitive society produced no surplus; what was produced was quickly consumed. The few things that existed for any length of time (tools, housing) were held communally,〔(The Neolithic Revolution and the Birth of Civilization ), ''World Civilizations: The Global Experience'', Peter N. Stearns, Michael B. Adas, Stuart B. Schwartz, Marc Jason Gilbert, ISBN 0321164253, ISBN 9780321164254, Pearson, 2004.〕 in Engels' view in association with matrilocal residence and matrilineal descent.〔Knight, C. 2008. (Early Human Kinship Was Matrilineal. ) In N. J. Allen, H. Callan, R. Dunbar and W. James (eds.), ''Early Human Kinship.'' Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 61-82.〕 There would have been no state. Domestication of animals and plants following the Neolithic Revolution through herding and agriculture was seen as the turning point from primitive communism to class society as it was followed by private ownership and slavery, with the inequality that they entailed. In addition, parts of the population specialized in different activities, such as manufacturing, culture, philosophy, and science which is said to lead to the development of social classes.〔 Egalitarian hunter gatherer societies have been studied and described by many well-known social anthropologists including James Woodburn,〔James Woodburn (1982) ‘Egalitarian Societies’, Man (NS), Vol. 17, No. 3, pp. 431-451〕 Richard Lee,〔Richard B. Lee, 1992. Demystifying Primitive Communism. In Christine Ward Gailey (ed), ''Civilization in Crisis. Anthropological Perspectives.'' Gainesville FL: University of Florida Press, pp. 73-94〕 Alan Barnard〔Alan Barnard, 2008. Social origins: sharing, exchange, kinship. In Rudolf Botha and Chris Knight (eds), ''The Cradle of Language'' (Studies in the Evolution of Language 12). Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp 219-35. (2009)〕 and, more recently, Jerome Lewis.〔2008b Ekila: Blood, Bodies and Egalitarian Societies. In ''Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute.'' 14:2: 297-315.〕 Anthropologists such as Christopher Boehm,〔Boehm, C. 2001. ''Hierarchy in the Forest. The evolution of egalitarian behavior.'' Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.〕 Chris Knight〔Knight, C. 2002. Language and revolutionary consciousness. In A. Wray (ed.), ''The Transition to Language.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 138-160.〕 and Jerome Lewis〔Knight, C. and J. Lewis 2014. Vocal deception, laughter, and the linguistic significance of reverse dominance. Chapter 21 in D. Dor, C. Knight and J. Lewis (eds), ''The Social Origins of Language.'' Oxford: Oxford University Press.〕 offer theoretical accounts to explain how communistic, assertively egalitarian social arrangements might have emerged in the prehistoric past. Despite differences in emphasis, these and other anthropologists follow Engels in arguing that evolutionary change - resistance to primate-style sexual and political dominance - culminated eventually in a revolutionary transition. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Primitive communism」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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